van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. . The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. Balkan, 1954, pp. Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. MacGinnis, J. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Balkan (1986, pp. [14] A number of seals have also been found. But Babylonia remained a world power: the Hittite king Hattuili III contacted Kadaman-Enlil II (1258-50 BCE) when the latter became king, in order to continue their good relations. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. 17385, Schneider, Bernhard. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. 32, no. [30] That ruler initiated significant building efforts in Ur and other southern Mesopotamia cities. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone ( kudurru ), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. . The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. 71 ff.) They acted along with palatial and temple ones (see Edens, 1994, pp. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . The names of some Kassite deities are known. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. A.. "1. In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. Gasche et al. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . The Kassites - Bible History The Kassites You are here: Home Ancient Babylonia Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1595 BC) The Kassites Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. After this point, the Kassites had faded into obscurity. 1/2, 1981, pp. 519-21. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. There were 36 kings in this dynasty ruling 576 years and 9 months. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. Christ was descended from Abraham. J. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. 3, 1973, pp. 2, 2021, pp. Where did the Kassite people originally come from? The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. 73, No. 31-51. Leiden: BRILL. The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. Gezer has been captured; Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. Required fields are marked *. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. 1-14. 2005. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. Mesopotamian History and Mid-12th Century. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. Idem, Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C., Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7, Philadelphia, 1984. 3, 1979, pp. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. A. Early Periods, 4. This article is available in print.Vol. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. What kind of government did the Kassites have? ISBN 978-9004430914. (1969): 310-348, Kaniuth, Kai. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. 91-113. Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. 415 f.). A. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. 124, no. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Kassites. 44 f., 59). Updates? Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. The Kassites, an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language, originated in Lorestn. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Contemporary Kassite records are not numerous. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. Volume 2 Kardunia. "Studies Concerning the Kassite Period Ekur of Nippur: Construction History and Finds". 1-48. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . 15-26. "uqamuna und u/imalija." to 540 B.C. Jt. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. 3, 1982, pp. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. 17-22. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. 412-18. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. These grants were recorded on stone stelae (sing. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. 19-38. Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). Jahresband, 1969, pp. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. 14151155 BCE." As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue (cf. A new dynasty emerged about 1750 BC by a foreign people known as the Kassites. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi 11119, Pedersn, Olof. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. Thank you! [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. During the 16th century BCE. The Mosaic Glass Vessels from Hasanlu, Iran: A Study in Large-Scale Stylistic Trait Distribution The Art Bulletin , Vol. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. Web. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Museum, British. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Corrections? Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. and ruled the area for 576 years. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. J.A. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). 437-478, Malko, Helen. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. J. 421 f.). 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. They slowly then began to make their way southward toward Babylon. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. 685685, Malko, Helen. 403-10. The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. Christ was at once a Koresh, a Hebrew, and a Yehudi. Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty.
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